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Non-system opposition
In modern Russian political terminology, the non-system opposition or non-systemic opposition ((ロシア語:внесистемная оппозиция)) are oppositional forces which operate outside of the official political establishment. Alternatively, the systemic opposition operates in the form of registered political parties.〔(Russian opposition: inside or outside the system? ), Grigorii Golosov, September 1, 2011 (retrieved February 8, 2015)〕〔("Оппозиция: новая система координат" ), Иван Тютрин, Александр Лукьянов, February 24, 2012 (retrieved February 8, 2015)〕
There are two major reasons of the existence of the non-system opposition. First, the Russian Law on Political Parties sets a high threshold for a political party to be registered for the participation in elections, the highest hurdle being the requirement to have at least 45,000 members.〔 Second, a number of activists, such as Garry Kasparov and Vladimir Bukovsky are in principle against registration, saying that the registration itself is a de facto a "vassal oath of allegiance to the authorities".〔
Some observers say that the nonsystem/system dichotomy, i.e., based on a formal criterion, becomes outdated; the real dichotomy should be whether the political force is non-conformist or conformist.〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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